The Code Ladder

What this website is for

The Code Ladder helps students move from reading code to writing their own programs. It is organised into 10 levels (Outputting through Sub-Programs). Each sub-level follows the PRIMM approach:

Progress is stored in the student’s browser only (cookies / localStorage). Nothing is uploaded to a central student database. Teachers can still collect evidence via the Progress Report (download, print/PDF, or email).

How students should use it

1. Open a level from the left navigation (e.g. Task 1.1).
2. Work through Predict & Run with a partner using mini-whiteboards.
3. Complete Investigate alone and press Check Answer.
4. Complete Modify and Make in the IDE and press Mark Code.
5. Use Help for videos, syntax notes, and (with the teacher password) Parsons problems.
6. Optionally use Chat with AI for hints — the assistant must not give full answers.
7. At the end of a lesson, use Progress Report in the sidebar to download or email evidence.

Download & self-host for your school

Schools can host the full site themselves (lessons, IDE, Parsons, AI marking, and AI chat) using their own OpenAI API key.

3. Install

1. Unzip the package. You will see public/ and secrets/.
2. Point the web server document root at public/ only (on shared hosting: put public/ contents into public_html, and put secrets/ one level above it).
3. Copy secrets/apikey.txt.example → secrets/apikey.txt and paste your real OpenAI key on a single line (must start with sk-, no comment lines).
4. Open /setup-check.php until every check is green.
5. Change the site password in auth.js.

Full notes are in HOSTING.md inside the ZIP. Student progress still stays in the browser — your server only holds the site files and your API key.

Parsons passwords & solutions (teachers)

Give students the password only when you want them to use the Parsons support. Click a task to reveal the worked solution code.

def output():
    print("Hello World")
    print("This is my first program")
output()

def output():
    print("Adam")
    print("06/03/1990")
    print("Welcome")
output()

def output():
    print(7+5)
    print(7*2)
output()

def output():
    print(10*2)
    print(10/2)
    print(10+2)
    print(10-2)
output()

def output():
    print(7**2)
    print(155**2)
output()

def output():
    print(5**3)
    print(25**7)
output()

def output():
    print((25* 9/5) + 32)
    print(25+273.15)
output()

def output():
    print(((42-32) * 5/9)  + 273.15)
    print((42 -32)*5/9)
output()

def output():
  print(4+5)
  print(11*7)
  print("Done")
output()

def output():
  print("dave")
  print(11*7)
  print("Done")
output()

def output():
  print(12/4)
  print(3**2)
output()

def output():
  print(15 + 10)
  print(6 * 6)
  print(100 / 20)
output()

def output():
  print("Pizza") #Outputs Pizza
  print("5") #Outputs ?
output()

def output():
  print("golf") #Outputs golf
  print("5") #number of hours
  print(5*4) #total hours for month
output()

def output():
  print("My name is Reece")#name
  print("Greenfield Academy")#school
  print("Computer Science")#subject
output()

def output():
  print("my favourite animal is a fish")#pet
  print("fish food")#food
  print("7")#hours
output()

def output():
  print("Welcome to the game")#
  print("High Score:")#
  print(5800)#
  print("Levels Completed:")#
  print(12)#
output()

def output():
  print("Player_Alpha")
  print("Minecraft")
  print(35)
  print(35 * 60)
output()

def output():
  name = input("What is your name?")
  print("Hello ")
  print(name)
output()

def output():
  colour = input("What is your favourite colour?")
  print (colour)
  print("Nice colour")
output()

def output():
  pets=0
  print(pets)
output()

def output():
  year = 10
  print(year)
output()

def output():
  name = input("Enter your name: ")
  age = input("Enter your age: ")
  print(name)
  print(age)
output()

def output():
  movie = input("Enter your favourite movie: ")
  year = input("What year was it released? ")
  print(movie)
  print(year)
  print(year+year)
output()

def output():
  first = input("First name: ")
  surname = input("Surname: ")
  print(first + " " + surname)
output()

def output():
  team = input("Favourite team: ")
  score = input("Score: ")
  print(team + " scored " + score + " goals!")
output()

def output():
  hometown = input("Enter your hometown: ")#
  year =input("Enter year you moved there: ")#
  print(hometown + " sounds like an amazing place and you have lived there since " + year)#
output()

def describe_hobby():
  hobby = input("Enter your favourite hobby: ")
  start_age = input("At what age did you start it? ")
  print("That's great! You've been enjoying " + hobby + " since you were " + start_age + " years old.")
describe_hobby()

def artist():
  artist_name = input("Enter your artist name: ")#
  artwork_title = input("Enter your artwork's title: ")#
  print(artwork_title)#
  print(artist_name)#
artist()

def artists():
  artist_name = input("Enter your artist name: ")#
  artwork_title = input("Enter your artwork's title: ")#
  artist_name2 = input("Enter your artist name: ")#
  artwork_title2 = input("Enter your artwork's title: ")#
  artist_name3 = input("Enter your artist name: ")#
  artwork_title3 = input("Enter your artwork's title: ")#
  print("|-> " + artwork_title + " by " + artist_name  )#
  print("|-> " + artwork_title2 + " by " + artist_name2)#
  print("|-> " + artwork_title3 + " by " + artist_name3)#
artists()

def pet_name_creator():
  colour = input("Enter a colour: ")
  animal = input("Enter an animal: ")
  print("Your pet name could be: " + colour + " " + animal + "!")
pet_name_creator()

def pet_name_creator():
  colour = input("Enter a colour: ")
  power = input("Enter a power: ")
  weapon = input("Enter a weapon: ")
  print("You are the : " + colour + " " + power + "with a " + weapon + "!")
pet_name_creator()

def record_items():
    item1 = input("Enter first item: ")
    item2 = input("Enter second item: ")
    print("First item: " + item1)
    print("Second item: " + item2)
record_items()

def record_items():
    food1 = input("Enter favourite food: ")
    food2 = input("Enter second favourite food: ")
    print("You entered: " + food1 + " as your favourite and " + food2 + " as your second favourite food")
record_items()

You’re a wizard’s apprentice gathering two magical runes for a spell. You accidentally drop both runes into the same pouch slot (same variable), so only the last rune remains.
def collect_runes():
    first_rune = input("Pick up your first rune: ")
    second_rune = input("Pick up your second rune: ")
    print("Runes in pouch: " + first_rune + " & " + second_rune)
collect_runes()

You’re navigating a spaceship through uncharted space. You enter two sector codes (which look like numbers), but instead of summing coordinates, the computer glues them together.
def navigate():
    x = input("Enter X-sector code: ")
    y = input("Enter Y-sector code: ")
    print("Destination: " + x + y)
navigate()

Add code to line 7 so that qty is cast to int before multiplying by price.
def calculate_total():
    qty = input("Enter quantity: ")
    price = 5
    qty=int(qty)
    print("Total cost: " + str(qty * price))
calculate_total()

def get_discounted_price():
    price = float(input("Enter original price: "))
    rate = float(input("Enter discount rate (%): "))
    discounted = price * (1 - rate)
    print("Discounted price: " + str(discounted))
get_discounted_price()

Modify the code to cast ‘measurement’ to float before doubling.
def double_measurement():
    measurement = input("Enter measurement: ")
    result = float(m) * 2
    print("Double measurement: " + str(result))
double_measurement()

def convert_to_pounds():
    kg = float(input("Enter weight in kg: "))
    lbs = kg * 2.2
    print("Weight in pounds: " + str(lbs))
convert_to_pounds()

Modify the code to cast age to str on line 7 rather than on line 7.
def show_age():
    age = 30
    print("Your age is: " + str(age))
show_age()

def movie_info():
    title = str(input("Enter movie title: "))#
    year = int(input("Enter release year: "))#
    print("Movie: " + title + " (" + str(year) + ")")#
movie_info()

Modify the code so that the remaining balance is correctly calculated before correctly casting and outputting on the next line.
def cash_withdrawal():
    balance = input("Enter your balance: ")
    withdrawal = input("Enter withdrawal amount: ")
    remaining = 0
    print("Remaining: " + remaining)
cash_withdrawal()

def transfer_funds():
    acc_a = int(input("Enter balance for account A: "))
    acc_b = int(input("Enter balance for account B: "))
    diff = acc_a - acc_b
    print("Difference: " + str(diff))
transfer_funds()

Modify the code to cast total to float and diners to int before division.
def split_bill():
    total = float(input("Enter total bill: "))
    diners = int(input("Enter number of diners: "))
    share = total / diners
    print("Each pays: " + str(share))
split_bill()

def average_score():
    s1 = float(input("Enter first score: "))
    s2 = float(input("Enter second score: "))
    avg = (s1 + s2) / 2
    print("Average score: " + str(avg))
average_score()

Modify the code to cast both base and exponent to int before exponentiation.
def growth():
    base = int(input("Enter growth base: "))
    exponent = int(input("Enter growth exponent: "))
    result = base ** exponent
    print("Result: " + str(result))
growth()

def ant_population():
    initial_population= int(input("Enter the initial ant population: "))#
    years = int(input("Enter number of years to project into the future: "))#
    new_population = initial_population* (2 ** years)#
    print("Estimated population: " + str(new_population))#
ant_population()

Modify the code so that length and width are cast to int before multiplication.
def area_rectangle():
    length = int(input("Enter rectangle length (m): "))
    width = int(input("Enter rectangle width (m): "))
    area = length * width
    print("Area: " + str(area))
area_rectangle()

def area_circle():
    r = int(input("Enter circle radius (m): "))
    area = 3.14 * r * r
    print("Circle area: " + str(area))
area_circle()

Modify the code so that l, w, and h each take an input from the user. These are cast to int on line 8 as part of the calculation, before being outputted on line 9.
def compute_volume():
    length = input("Enter length (m): ")
    width = input("Enter width (m): ")
    height = input("Enter height (m): ")
    vol = int(length) * int(width) * int(height)
    print("Volume: " + str(vol))
compute_volume()

def cylinder_volume():
    radius = int(input("Enter cylinder radius (m): "))
    height = int(input("Enter cylinder height (m): "))
    volume = 3.14 * radius  *  radius  * height
    print("Cylinder volume: " + str(volume))
cylinder_volume()

Modify the code so that diameter and slices are cast appropriately (int for slices, float for diameter), and compute area per slice using 3.14 * (diameter/2) * (diameter/2) / slices.
def pizza_slice_area():
    diameter = float(input("Enter pizza diameter (in): "))
    slices = int(input("Enter number of slices: "))
    radius = diameter / 2
    area = 3.14 * radius * radius
    slice_area = area / slices
    print("Slice area: " + str(slice_area))
pizza_slice_area()

def pizza_value():
    diameter = float(input("Enter pizza diameter (in): "))
    price = float(input("Enter pizza price (£): "))
    slices = int(input("Enter number of slices: "))
    radius = diameter / 2
    area = 3.14 * radius * radius
    cost_per_sq_in = price / area
    cost_per_slice = price / slices
    print("Cost per sq in: " + str(cost_per_sq_in))
    print("Cost per slice: " + str(cost_per_slice))
pizza_value()

Adapt the code below to check whether the weather is “rainy”, if it is output an appropriate message.
def check_weather():
    weather = input("What is the weather like? ")#
    if weather == "sunny":#
        print("Take some sun cream")#
    elif weather == "rainy":#
        print("Take a brolly")#
check_weather()#
Can be done as an if or elif.

def check_grade():
    grade = int(input("Enter your test score: "))
    if grade >= 70:
        print("You passed!")
    else:
        print("Failed")
check_grade()

Adapt this code to also output good afternoon if it is after 12pm using an elif.
def greet_time():
    hour = int(input("Enter the hour (0-23): "))
    if hour < 12:
        print("Good morning")
    elif hour >=12:
        print("Good Afternoon")
greet_time()

def age_check():
    age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
    if age >= 18:
        print("You are an adult.")
    else:
        print("You are not an adult")
age_check()

Adapt the code below so that it also checks for temperatures below zero and over 30. Both with an appropriate message output.
def temperature_response():
    temp = int(input("Enter temperature: "))
    if temp < 0:
        print("It's freezing")
    elif temp < 10:
        print("It's cold")
    elif temp < 20:
        print("It's warm")
    elif temp > 30:
        print("It's very warm")
temperature_response()

def food_rating():
    rating = int(input("Rate the food (1-5): "))
    if rating == 5:
        print("Excellent!")
    elif rating >= 3:
        print("Good")
    else:
        print("Needs improvement")
food_rating()

Adapt the code to also identify toddlers (less than 3). You should also add a section to identify the adults (over 19).
def age_category():
    age = int(input("Enter your age: "))#
    if age < 3:#
        print("Toddler")#
    elif age < 13:#
        print("Child")#
    elif age < 20:#
        print("Teen")#
    else:#
        print("Adult")#
age_category()

def check_login():
    username = input("Enter username: ")
    if username == "admin":
        print("Access granted")
    else:
        print("Access denied")
check_login()

Finish off this code for all of the houses of Hogwarts.
def check_colour():
    colour1 = input("Enter your favourite colour: ")
    colour2 = input("Enter your second favourite colour: ")
    if colour1 == "red" or colour2 == "red":
        print("That's Gryffindor!")
    elif colour1 == "yellow" or colour2 == "yellow":
        print("That's hufflepuff!")
    elif colour1 == "blue" or colour2 == "blue":
        print("That's ravenclaw!")
    elif colour1 == "green" or colour2 == "green":
        print("That's slytherin!")
check_colour()

def check_pins():
    pin1 = input("Enter your pin: ")
    pin2 = input("Re-enter your pin: ")
    pin3 = input("Re-enter your pin again: ")
    if pin1 == pin2 and pin2 == pin3:
        print("Accepted")
    else:
        print("PIN Not Accepted")
check_pins()

Adapt the code so that it accepts the name “Admin” or “SuperAdmin”
def login_warning():
    name = input("Enter your username: ")
    if name != "Admin" or name != "SuperAdmin":
        print("Warning: Limited permissions")
login_warning()

def pin_check():
    pin1 = input("Enter your 4-digit PIN: ")
    pin2 = input("Re-enter your PIN: ")
    if pin1 != pin2:
        print("PINs do not match. Please try again.")
    else:
        print("PIN confirmed.")
pin_check()

Adapt the code so that it also checks for Isosceles (two sides are equal) and for Scalene (all sides are different).
def check_triangle():
    side1 = int(input("Enter length of side 1: "))
    side2 = int(input("Enter length of side 2: "))
    side3 = int(input("Enter length of side 3: "))
    if side1 == side2 and side2 == side3:
        print("Equilateral triangle")
    elif side1 == side2 or side2 == side3 or side3 == side1:
        print("Isosceles triangle")
    else:
        print("Scalene triangle")
check_triangle()

def check_clearance():
    codename = input("Enter your codename: ")
    level = int(input("Enter your clearance level: "))
    region = input("Enter your assigned region: ")
    if codename != "Shadow" and level >= 5 and region == "North":
        print("Access granted")
    else:
        print("Access denied")
check_clearance()

Modify the code so that it also checks that a user has a ticket.
def game_entry():
    age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
    ticket = input("Do you have a ticket? (yes/no): ")
    if age >= 12 and ticket == "yes":
        print("You may enter the game.")
    else:
        print("Sorry, you cannot enter the game.")
game_entry()

def shopping_discount():
    is_member = input("Are you a member? (yes/no): ")
    total_spent = float(input("Enter total spent: "))
    if is_member == "yes" or total_spent > 100:
        total = total_spent*0.9
        print("You qualify for a discount! New Price: "+str(total))
    else:
        print("No discount. Price: "+ str(total_spent))
shopping_discount()

Adapt the code so that an appropriate message is displayed after each condition.
def login_system():
    username = input("Enter username: ")
    if username == "admin":
        password = input("Enter Password")
        if password == "letmein":
            print("Access Granted")
        else:
            print("Access Denied")
    else:
        print("Access Denied")
login_system()

def age_category_check():
    age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
    if age >= 13:
        student = input("Are you a student? (yes/no): ")
        if student == "yes":
            print("You can have a discounted ticket.")
age_category_check()

def totals():
    a = int(input("Enter a number: "))
    b = int(input("Enter another number: "))
    print("Sum: " + str(a + b))
    print("Difference: " + str(a - b))
totals()

def temperature_change():
    start = int(input("Start temperature (°C): "))
    highest = int(input("Highest temperature  (°C): "))
    final = highest - start
    print("Temperature increase: " + str(final) + "°C")
temperature_change()

def rectangle_triangle():
    length = int(input("Length: "))
    height = int(input("Width: "))
    area = length * height
    print("Rectangle Area: " + str(area))
    triangle_area = area / 2
    print("Triangle Area: " + str(triangle_area))
rectangle_triangle()

def average_of_three():
    n1 = float(input("First score: "))
    n2 = float(input("Second score: "))
    n3 = float(input("Third score: "))
    avg = (n1 + n2 + n3) / 3
    print("Average: " + str(avg))
average_of_three()

def precedence():
    a = int(input("a: "))
    b = int(input("b: "))
    c = int(input("c: "))
    no_brackets = a + b * c
    print("a + b * c = " + str(no_brackets))
    with_brackets = (a + b) * c
    print("(a + b) * c = " + str(with_brackets))
precedence()

def trip_cost():
    students = int(input("Number of students: "))
    entry_fee = float(input("Entry fee per student: "))
    lunch_fee = float(input("Lunch fee per student: "))
    coach_cost = float(input("Coach cost (fixed): "))
    total_without_lunch = (students * entry_fee) + coach_cost
    total_with_lunch = (students * (entry_fee + lunch_fee)) + coach_cost
    print("Total cost without lunch = " + str(total_without_lunch))
    print("Total cost with lunch = " + str(total_with_lunch))
trip_cost()

def odd_or_even():
    num = int(input("Enter a whole number: "))
    remainder = num % 2
    print("Remainder when divided by 2 is: " + str(remainder))
    if remainder == 0:
        print("Even")
    else:
        print("Odd")
odd_or_even()

def box_packing():
    total_books = int(input("Total books: "))
    box_size = int(input("Books per box: "))
    full_boxes = total_books // box_size
    leftover_books = total_books % box_size
    print("Full boxes: " + str(full_boxes))
    print("Leftover books: " + str(leftover_books))
box_packing()

def yearbook_pages():
    total = int(input("Total photos: "))
    per_page = 9
    full_pages = total // per_page
    last_page_photos = total % per_page
    total_pages = (total + per_page - 1) // per_page
    print("Full pages: " + str(full_pages))
    print("Photos on the last page: " + str(last_page_photos))
    print("Total pages for the yearbook: " + str(total_pages))
yearbook_pages()

def assembly_seating():
    total_students = int(input("Total students: "))
    seats_per_row = int(input("Seats per row: "))
    full_rows = total_students // seats_per_row
    last_row_students = total_students % seats_per_row
    empty_seats = (seats_per_row - last_row_students) % seats_per_row
    print("Full rows: " + str(full_rows))
    print("Students in the last row: " + str(last_row_students))
    print("Empty seats in the last row: " + str(empty_seats))
assembly_seating()

def hours_mins():
    minutes = int(input("Enter total minutes: "))
    hours = minutes // 60
    remaining_minutes = minutes % 60
    print("H:M -> " + str(hours) + ":" + str(remaining_minutes))
hours_mins()

def seconds_to_hms():
    secs = int(input("Enter total seconds: "))
    hours = secs // 3600
    rem = secs % 3600
    minutes = rem // 60
    seconds = rem % 60
    print("H:M:S -> " + str(hours) + ":" + str(minutes) + ":" + str(seconds))
seconds_to_hms()

def powers():
    n = int(input("Enter a number: "))
    print("Square: " + str(n ** 2))
    print("Cube: " + str(n ** 3))
powers()

def savings_growth():
    start = float(input("Starting balance: "))
    rate = float(input("Per-year interest rate (e.g., 1.1 for +10%): "))
    years = int(input("Number of years: "))
    final_value = start * (rate ** years)
    print("Final value: " + str(final_value))
    # Optional formatting:
    print("Final value: £" + format(final_value, ".2f"))
savings_growth()

def usb_fit():
    capacity = int(input("USB capacity (MB): "))
    file_size = int(input("File size (MB): "))
    if file_size <= 0:
        print("Invalid file size")
    else:
        fit = capacity // file_size
        leftover = capacity % file_size
        print("Files that fit: " + str(fit))
        print("Leftover space (MB): " + str(leftover))
usb_fit()

def photo_folders():
    total_photos = int(input("Total photos: "))
    per_folder = int(input("Photos per folder: "))
    if per_folder <= 0:
        print("Invalid photos per folder")
    else:
        full_folders = total_photos // per_folder
        last_folder_photos = total_photos % per_folder
        print("There are: " + str(full_folders) +" full boxes, with "+ str(last_folder_photos)+ " in the final box")
photo_folders()

def xp_level():
    xp = int(input("Total XP: "))
    level = xp // 1000
    into_level = xp % 1000
    print("Level: " + str(level))
    print("XP into current level: " + str(into_level))
xp_level()

def battle_pass():
    points = int(input("total points: "))
    level_size = 150
    levels_done = points // level_size
    points_into = points % level_size
    to_next = (level_size - points_into) % level_size
    print("levels completed: " + str(levels_done))
    print("points to next level: " + str(to_next))
battle_pass()

def repeat():
    for x in range (10):
      print("Hello")
repeat()

def repeat():
    for x in range (13):
      print("Adam")
repeat()
NOTE - this will work for any name with an age of 14,15 or 16.

def values():
    for x in range (1,6):
      print(x)
values()

def total_calculator():
    total=0
    for x in range (0,5):
      number=int(input("Enter a number. "))
      total=total+number
    print(total)
total_calculator()

def variables_as_counters():
    number=int(input("Enter the number to repeat"))
    for x in range (0,number):
      print("Hello World")
variables_as_counters()

def times_table():
    multiply_number = int(input("Enter a number to multiply by 2: "))
    repeat_times = int(input("How many times should I repeat this? "))
    for x in range(repeat_times):
        total = multiply_number * 2
        print (str(multiply_number) + " x 2 = " + str(total))
times_table()

def count_up_in_twos():
    for i in range(0, 21, 2):
        print(i)
count_up_in_twos()

def green_bottles():
    start = int(input("Start number of bottles: "))
    for n in range(start, 0, -1):
        print(str(n) + " green bottles hanging on the wall")
        print("And if one green bottle should accidentally fall,")
        print("There'll be " + str(n - 1) + " green bottles hanging on the wall.")
        print("")
    print("There are no green bottles hanging on the wall.")
green_bottles()

def count_one_to_five():
    i = 1
    while i < 5:
        print(i)
        i=i+1
count_one_to_five()

def countdown_from():
    n = int(input("Start at: "))
    while n >= 1:
        print(n)
        n = n - 1
    print("Lift off!")
countdown_from()

def read_valid_mark():
    mark = int(input("Mark (0-100): "))
    while mark > 100 or mark <0:
        print("Invalid. Try again.")
        mark = int(input("Mark (0-100): "))
    print("Accepted: " + str(mark))
read_valid_mark()

def pin_checker():
    pin = input("Enter 4-digit PIN: ")
    while pin != "8945":
        print("Incorrect.")
        pin = input("Enter 4-digit PIN: ")
    print("Access granted")
pin_checker()

def running_total():
    total = 0
    entry = 0
    while entry != "q":
      total=total+int(entry)
      entry = input("Enter number: ")
    print("Total: "+ str(total))
running_total()

def total_and_average():
    total = 0
    count = 0
    entry = input("Enter a number or q to quit: ")
    while entry != "q":
        total = total + int(entry)
        count = count + 1
        entry = input("Enter a number or q to quit: ")
    if count == 0:
        print("No data")
    else:
        print("Total:"+ str(total))
        print("Average:"+ str(total / count))
total_and_average()

def add(number_1, number_2):
  total = number_1 + number_2
  print("Result: " + str(total))
  menu()
def subtract(number_1, number_2):
  total = number_1 - number_2
  print("Result: " + str(total))
  menu()
def multiply(number_1, number_2):
  total = number_1 * number_2
  print("Result: " + str(total))
  menu()
def divide(number_1, number_2):
  total = number_1 / number_2
  print("Result: " + str(total))
  menu()
def quit_msg():
    print("Goodbye!")
def menu():
  print("=== Calculator Menu ===")
  print("[A] Add")
  print("[S] Subtract")
  print("[M] Multiply")
  print("[D] Divide")
  print("[q] Quit")
  choice=input("Choose: ")
  while choice != "q":
    number_1 = float(input("First number: "))
    number_2 = float(input("Second number: "))
    if choice == "A" or choice =="a":
      add(number_1, number_2)
    elif choice == "S" or choice =="s":
      subtract(number_1, number_2)
    elif choice == "M" or choice =="m":
      multiply(number_1, number_2)
    elif choice == "D" or choice =="d":
      divide(number_1, number_2)
    else:
      print("Invalid operation choice")
  quit_msg()
menu()

def to_celsius(value):
  total = (value-32)*5/9
  print("Celsius:" + str(total))
def to_fahrenheit(value):
  total =value*9/5+32
  print("Fahrenheit: " + str(total))
choice = input("[C] Fahrenheit→Celsius  [F] Celsius→Fahrenheit  [q] Quit: ")
while choice != "q":
    if choice == "C" or choice == "c":
        value = float(input("Enter F: "))
        to_celsius(value)
    elif choice == "F" or choice == "f":
        value = float(input("Enter C: "))
        to_fahrenheit(value)
    else:
        print("Invalid choice")
    choice = input("[C] Fahrenheit→Celsius  [F] Celsius→Fahrenheit  [q] Quit: ")
print("Goodbye!")
to_celsius()

def hash_block(rows, cols):
    for r in range(rows):
        line = ""
        for c in range(cols):
            line = line + "^"
        print(line)
    print("100")
rows = 5
cols = 20
hash_block(rows, cols)
This can also be done by doing a count after the second loop. It could also be done by multiplying rows and columns. This is marked on output.

def times_table_grid(rows, cols):
  for r in range(1, rows + 1):
    line = ""
    for c in range(1, cols + 1):
      cell = r * c
      if c == 1:
        line = str(cell)
      else:
        line = line + " \t" + str(cell)
    print(line)
rows = int(input("Rows (1-12): "))
cols = int(input("Cols (1-12): "))
times_table_grid(rows, cols)

def extract_substring():
    text = "Hello World"  # comment
    print(text[0:3])  # comment
    print(text[6:9])  # comment
extract_substring()

def extract_substring():
    name = input("Enter name")  # comment
    print(name[0:3])  # comment
extract_substring()

def extract_from_index():
    text = input("Enter name")  # comment
    print(text[:1])  # comment
    print(text[1:])  # comment
extract_from_index()

def get_from_third():
    word = input("Enter a word: ")  # comment
    from_third = word[2:]  # comment
    print(from_third)  # comment
get_from_third()

def extract_range():
    text = "Computer"  # comment
    print(text[3:6])  # comment
extract_range()

def get_range():
    word = input("Enter a word: ")   # comment
    range_chars = word[2:5]  # comment
    print(range_chars)  # comment
get_range()

def access_characters():
    text = "Python"  # comment
    print(text[0])  # comment
    print(text[3])  # comment
access_characters()

def access_characters():
    text = input("Enter a word")  # comment
    print(text[0])  # comment
    print(text[3])  # comment
access_characters()

def iterate_word():
    word = "Hello"  # comment
    for x in range(5):  # comment
        print(word[x])  # comment
iterate_word()

def iterate_word():
    word = input("Enter a word")  # comment
    for x in range(0,len(word)):  # comment
        print(word[x])  # comment
iterate_word()

def reverse_word():
    word = input("Enter word: ")  # comment
    print(word[::-1])  # comment
reverse_word()

def reverse_word():
    word = input("Enter a word: ")  # comment
    reversed_word = word[::-1]  # comment
    print(word)  # comment
    print(reversed_word)  # comment
    if word == reversed_word:  # comment
        print("This is a palindrome")  # comment
reverse_word()

def count_vowels(word, count):
  print(word)  # comment
  for x in range(0,len(word)):  # comment
    if word[x] == "a" or word[x] == "e" or word[x] == "i" or word[x] == "o" or word[x] == "u":  # comment
      count=count+1  # comment
  return count  # comment
word=input("Enter a word")
count=0
print(count_vowels(word,count))

def separate_letters(word):
    vowels_list = ""  # comment
    consonants_list = ""  # comment
    for x in range(0, len(word)):  # comment
        if word[x] == "a" or word[x] == "e" or word[x] == "i" or word[x] == "o" or word[x] == "u":  # comment
            vowels_list = vowels_list + word[x]  # comment
        else:  # comment
            consonants_list = consonants_list + word[x]  # comment
    return (vowels_list,consonants_list)   # comment
word = input("Enter a word: ")
print(separate_letters(word))

def check_answer(answer):  # define the function
    if answer.lower() == "python":  # check in lowercase
        print("Correct")  # correct message
    else:  # otherwise
        print("Incorrect")  # incorrect message
check_answer("PyThOn")  # call with PyThOn

def quiz():  # define the quiz function
    answer = input("What Colour is the sky?: A-Red, B-Green, or C-Blue? ")  # get user input
    if answer.upper() == "C":  # check the correct option
        print("Congratulations!")  # correct message
    else:  # otherwise
        print("Incorrect")  # incorrect message
quiz()  # call the function

def show_digits(word):  # function with word parameter
    for ch in word:  # loop through each character
        if ch.isdigit():  # check if digit
            print(ch)  # print the digit
show_digits("H3ll0")  # call with H3ll0

def letters_only(word):  # function with word parameter
    result = ""  # build letters-only result
    for ch in word:  # loop through each character
        if ch.isdigit():  # skip digits
            pass  # do nothing
        else:  # keep letters
            result = result + ch  # add to result
    print(result)  # output letters only
word = input("Enter a word: ")  # get input
letters_only(word)  # call the function

def list():
	numbers = [4, 7, 2, 9]
	total=0
	for n in numbers:
		total=total+n
	print(total)
list()

def show_names():
    names = ["Ava", "Noah", "Luca", "Mia", "Ivy"]
    for name in names:
        print(name)
show_names()

def show_colours():
    colours = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow"]
    print(colours[0])
    print(colours[-1])
show_colours()

def show_temps():
    temps = [12, 15, 9, 18, 14, 11]
    print("Highest:", max(temps))
    print("Lowest:", min(temps))
show_temps()

def add_score():
    scores = [10, 20, 30]
    new_score = 25
    scores.append(new_score)
    print(scores)
add_score()

def store_hobbies():
    hobbies = []
    for i in range(3):
        hobby = input("Enter a hobby: ")
        hobbies.append(hobby)
    print(hobbies)
store_hobbies()

def count_a():
    letters = ["a", "b", "a", "c", "a"]
    count = 0
    for letter in letters:
        if letter == "a":
            count+=1
    print(count)
count_a()

nums = [3, 8, 10, 7, 4, 1, 12, 5]
even_count = 0
for n in nums:
    if n % 2 == 0:
        even_count += 1
print("Even numbers:", even_count)

def sort_prices():
    prices = [12, 4, 19, 7, 10]
    prices.sort(reverse=True)
    print(prices)
sort_prices()

def remove_largest():
    numbers = []
    for i in range(6):
        num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
        numbers.append(num)
    largest = max(numbers)
    numbers.remove(largest)
    print(numbers)
remove_largest()

seats = [["A1", "A2"], ["B1", "B2"]]
for row in seats:
    for seat in row:
        print(seat)

scores = [[60, 70], [80, 75], [90, 85]]
for row in scores:
    print(row)
    avg = (row[0] + row[1]) / 2
    print("Average:", avg)

grid = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
for row in grid:
    total = 0
    for num in row:
        total += num
    print("Row total:", total)

stock = [["Pens", 12], ["Books", 3], ["Rulers", 8]]
for row in stock:
    item = row[0]
    qty = row[1]
    print(item, qty)
    if qty < 5:
        print("Low stock")

table = [["Ann", "Math"], ["Ben", "Science"], ["Cara", "Math"]]
subject = "Math"
for row in table:
    if row[1] == subject:
        print(row[0])

games = [["FIFA", 50], ["Halo", 45], ["Stardew", 20]]
budget = int(input("Enter budget: "))
for row in games:
    if row[1] <= budget:
        print(row[0], row[1])

products = [["Pen", 2, 5], ["Book", 4, 3]]
for row in products:
    value = row[1] * row[2]
    print(row[0], value)

products = [["Pen", 2, 5], ["Book", 4, 3], ["Ruler", 1, 10]]
search = input("Enter product: ")
found = False
for row in products:
    if row[0].lower() == search.lower():
        value = row[1] * row[2]
        print(row[0], value)
        found = True
if found == False:
    print("Not found")

def read_file():
    file = open("notes.txt", "r")
    print(file.read())  # read the whole file
    file.close()
read_file()

def flight():
    file = open("manifest.txt", "r")
    flight=(file.read(7))
    if flight[4:7] == "MAN":
        print("Have a great time in Manchester")
    else:
         print("Have a great trip")
    file.close()
flight()

def read_lines():
    file = open("notes.txt", "r")
    lines = file.readlines()
    #print(lines)  # notice the \n characters
    #comment out the code on line 8 and un-comment line 11 and 12
    for line in lines: # notice the difference?
        if line[0:3] == "But":
            print(line)
read_lines()

def find_user():
    username = input("Enter your Username: ").strip().lower()
    found = False
    file = open("Users.txt", "r")
    users = file.readlines()
    file.close()
    for line in users:
        if line.strip().lower() == username:
            print("User Found")
            found = True
    if not found:
        print("User not found")
find_user()

def add_note():
    note = "Remember to bring your calculator."
    file = open("8.4notes.txt", "w")
    file.write("First note\n")
    file.close()
    # (Starter code currently overwrites the file. Change to append)
    file = open("8.4notes.txt", "a")
    file.write(note)
    file.close()
    file = open("8.4notes.txt", "r")
    print(file.read())
    file.close()
add_note()

def add_entry():
    entry = input("Enter your Diary Entry for today")
    date = input("What is todays date?")
    # Append the diary entry
    file = open("diary.csv", "a")
    file.write(date + "," + entry + "\n")
    file.close()
    # Print the diary
    file = open("diary.csv", "r")
    print(file.read())
    file.close()
add_entry()

def count_lines():
    file = open("poem.txt", "w")
    file.write("Roses are red\nViolets are blue\nPython is fun\nAnd so are you\n")
    file = open("poem.txt", "r")
    lines = file.readlines()
    print("Number of lines:", len(lines))
count_lines()

def count_word():
    # Open the file for reading
    file = open("story.txt", "r")
    text = file.read()
    words = text.split()
    count = 0
    for x in words:
        if x == "the":
            count += 1
    print("'the' appears", count, "times in the story")
count_word()

def find_word():
    file = open("poem.txt", "w")
    file.write("Roses are red\nViolets are blue\nPython is fun\nAnd so are you\n")
    file = open("poem.txt", "r")
    text = file.read()
    word = input("Enter a word to search for: ")
    words = text.split()
    count = 0
    for w in words:
        if w.lower() == word.lower():
            count += 1
    print(word, "appears", count, "times")
find_word()

def find_word():
    file = open("story.txt", "r")
    text = file.read()
    file.close()
    word = input("Enter a word to search for: ")
    words = text.split()
    count = 0
    for w in words:
        if w.lower() == word.lower():
            count += 1
    print("The word appears", count, "times")
find_word()

def show_names():
    file = open("names.txt", "r")
    names = file.readlines()
    file.close()
    for name in names:
        print(name.strip())
show_names()

def total_scores():
    file = open("scores.txt", "r")
    scores = file.readlines()
    file.close()
    total = 0
    for score in scores:
        total = total + int(score.strip())
    print("Total score:", total)
total_scores()

def show_flights():
    file = open("flights.csv", "r")
    for line in file:
        data = line.split(",")
        if data[1] == "Paris":
            print(line)
    file.close()
show_flights()

def find_flights():
    dest = input("Enter destination: ")
    file = open("flights.csv", "r")
    found = False
    for line in file:
        data = line.split(",")
        if data[1] == dest:
            print(line)
            found = True
    if found == False:
        print("No Flights Found")
    file.close()
find_flights()

def show_stock():
    file = open("stock.csv", "r")
    for line in file:
        data = line.split(",")
        value = int(data[1]) * int(data[2])
        print(data[0], value)
    file.close()
show_stock()

def stock_value():
    file = open("stock.csv", "r")
    out = open("value.txt", "w")
    for line in file:
        data = line.split(",")
        value = int(data[1]) * int(data[2])
        out.write(data[0] + "," + str(value) + "\n")
    file.close()
    out.close()
stock_value()

def show_games(console):
    file = open("games.csv", "r")
    for line in file:
        data = line.split(",")
        if data[1] == console:
            print(data[0])
    file.close()
console = input("Enter console: ")
show_games(console)

def find_games(console):
    file = open("games.csv", "r")
    for line in file:
        data = line.split(",")
        if data[1] == console:
            value = int(data[2]) * int(data[4])
            print(data[0], value)
    file.close()
console = input("Enter console: ")
find_games(console)

def welcome():
	print("Welcome to the game!")
welcome()
welcome()
welcome()

def show_score():
	print("Your score is 100")
show_score()
show_score()

def greet(name):
	print("Hello " + name)
greet("Ava")
greet("Noah")

def greet(name):
	print("Hello " + name)
name = input("Enter your name: ")
greet(name)

def double(number):
	print(number * 2)
double(15)
double(25)

def square(side):
	print(side * side)
square(6)

def add(a, b, c):
	print(a + b + c)
add(3, 4, 5)

def full_name(first, last):
	print(first + " " + last)
first = input("Enter First Name: ")
last = input("Enter Last Name: ")
full_name(first, last)

def times_table(number):
	for i in range(1, 13):
		print(number * i)
times_table(2)
times_table(5)
times_table(10)

def draw_line(symbol, length):
	print(symbol * length)
draw_line("#", 5)
draw_line("*", 3)
draw_line("=", 8)